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The same is true for many other plants and for virtually all animals. In other words, peas are diploid organisms in that they have two copies of each chromosome. Each pair of homologous chromosomes has the same linear order of genes. The genetic makeup of peas consists of two similar or homologous copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The physical expression of characteristics is accomplished through the expression of genes carried on chromosomes. The seven characteristics that Mendel evaluated in his pea plants were each expressed as one of two versions, or traits. Identify non-Mendelian inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, codominance, recessive lethals, multiple alleles, and sex linkage.Explain the purpose and methods of a test cross.Develop a Punnett square to calculate the expected proportions of genotypes and phenotypes in a monohybrid cross.Explain the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes in dominant and recessive gene systems.Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: